A proper noun is a noun that in its primary application refer to a unique entity. Proper noun can also occur in secondary application, for example modifying nouns and in the role of common nouns. A distinction is normally made in current lingistics between proper nouns and proper names. Words derived from proper names are sometimes called proper adjectives. Not every noune or noun phrase that refers to a unique entity is a proper name.

It is easy to use proper nouns, once you know what they are. Simply place them in your sentences as you would common nouns ensuring that you capitalize them.

example :-   We went to try a new resturant, so we went to test of Thai.

• Resturant is a common noun.
• Taste of Thai is a proper noun.

A noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, or idea. All nouns can be further classified as a proper or common noun. Common nouns are words used to name general items rather than specific ones. Go into your living room. What do you see? A lamp, chair, couch, TV, window, painting, pillow, candle – all of these items are named using common nouns.Common nouns are everywhere, and you use them all the time, even if you don’t realize it. Wherever you go, you’ll find at least one common noun. Street, closet, bathroom, school, mall, gas station, living room; all of these places are things, and thus they are common nouns.

We use common nouns to denote a class of objects or a concept. Consider the word star, as in the stars we see in the sky. Star is used as a common noun, used to denote the class of objects that we view in the night sky, i.e. the luminescent bodies that are spread across the universe, twinkling overhead. The Sun, however, is a proper noun, used to describe the specific star that is at the center of our solar system.

example :- when talking about your mother, mother is a common noun

• My mother is an actress.
• Barbara’s mother was the best cook in the city.

When we look at the two main types of noun – proper and common – we can differentiate between the two by saying that a proper noun is a general way of classifying something, and a proper noun is a specific way of classifying something, So, for example, the word dog is a common noun; but if your dog was called Fido, the word Fido is a proper noun:

• dog = common noun
• dog's name = proper noun

Material noun is the name given to the material, substance or things made up of alloy. It refers to the type of substance instead of individual particles of the substance. Material nouns are not Countable means we can not count them because they are in the form of liquid, semi liquid or solid. Sometimes we can not make the plural form of material noun.

Generally, articles(a, an or the) are not used with material nouns when they are uncountable.

• example Water boils only at 100'C temperature.

Article may be used with material nouns when they are countable.

• example I would like to eat a Dutch cheese.

Use of 'the' and 'some' can also be done in follower.

• example I saw there is some milk in the glass.

Compound nouns are words for people, animals, places, things or ideas, made up of two or more words. Most Compound nouns are made with nouns that have been modified by adjectives or other nouns. Some times one word like toothpaste, haircut, bathroom etc. These are often refered to as closed or solid compound nouns.

Countable nouns refer to items that can be counted, even if the number might be extraordinarily high (like counting all the people in the world, for example). Countable nouns can be used with articles such as a/an and the or quantifiers such as a few and many. Look at the sentence below and pay particular attention to the countable noun.

example :- How many candles are on that birthday cake.

Uncountable nouns are nouns that come in a state or quantity that is impossible to count; liquids are uncountable, as are things that act like liquids (sand, air). Abstract ideas like creativity or courage are also uncountable. Uncountable nouns are always considered to be singular, and can stand alone or be used with some, any, a little, and much. See the examples below for reference.

example :- There is no more water in the pool.

A Collective noun is a word or phrase that refers to agroup of people or thing as one entity. One common error that arises from using Collective noun is subject-verb disagreement. A Collective noun always describes a plurality of one kind or another. Normaly we are use collective nouns as single. the past tense affords a wonderful respite from this subject-verb agreement problem. We get this break because in the past tense, first-person and third person verb forms are the same.

example :- The siger was singing to a sold out hall for the third time in a row.

Concrete nouns are the nouns that you can physically see and touch. This is generally easy to understand. If you look around ypur Wherever you are, chances are that you will see hundreds of concreate nouns. They include common one like clothes or windows, but also more rare ones like fossil or toothpick.

example :- The sunset unfurled ribbons of red purple and gold acress the key.

An abstract noun is a noun that refers to an intangible concept such as an emotion, a feeling, a quality, or an idea. In other words, an abstract noun does not refer to a physical object. It is sometimes helpful to think of an abstract noun as a word that names something that you cannot see, hear, touch, smell, or taste (i.e., something you cannot perceive with one of your five senses).

example :- Love is a kind of irresistible desire. It is hard to define.

Pronouns are a part of speech in English, and, like all parts of speech, they serve a purpose. Verbs, for example, tell you what someone is doing. Pronouns are words that you can substitute for another noun (or a name) when the context has already made it clear whom or what you’re talking about. In English, when you’re talking about an individual person, you’ll most often be using a third-person pronoun. The most common third-person pronouns for individuals are she and he. Some people use the pronoun they instead of she or he, and some use other pronouns like ze or ey. Some use different sets of pronouns in different contexts. And there are some who use no pronouns at all, and instead use their name in all cases. Pronouns have evolved to represent people’s identities beyond the gender binary of masculine (he/him) and feminine (she/her). The most well-known of these more inclusive, nonbinary pronouns is the singular they/them; there are many others in use.

Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing. In English, there is a particular group of indefinite pronouns formed with a quantifier or distributive preceeded by any, some, every and no.

• Everybody enjoyed the concert.
• I opened the door but there was no one at home.
• It was a very clear day. We could see everything.

Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing. In English, there is a particular group of indefinite pronouns formed with a quantifier or distributive preceeded by any, some, every and no.

• Everybody enjoyed the concert.
• I opened the door but there was no one at home.
• It was a very clear day. We could see everything.

A personal pronoun is a short word we use as a simple substitute for the proper name of a person. Each of the English personal pronouns shows us the grammatical person, gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces. I, you, he, she, it, we they, me, him, her, us, and them are all personal pronouns. Personal pronouns are the stunt doubles of grammar; they stand in for the people (and perhaps animals) who star in our sentences. They allow us to speak and write with economy because they enable us to avoid repeating cumbersome proper nouns all the live-long day.

We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).

• Why do you blame yourself ?
• They cannot look after themselves.
• My dog hurt itself.

A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to point to something specific within a sentence. These pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they can be either singular or plural. When used to represent a thing or things, demonstrative pronouns can be either near or far in distance or time

• Near in time or distance: this, these
• Far in time or distance: that, those

Because there are only a few demonstrative pronouns in the English language, there are just three simple rules for using them correctly. Remember them and you will have no difficulty using these surprisingly interesting parts of speech.

• Demonstrative pronouns always identify nouns, whether those nouns are named specifically or not. For example: “I can’t believe this.” We have no idea what “this” is, but it’s definitely something the writer cannot believe. It exists, even though we don’t know what it is.
• Demonstrative pronouns are usually used to describe animals, places, or things, however they can be used to describe people when the person is identified, i.e., This sounds like Mary singing.

If you know what a pronoun is, you can probably figure out what a possessive pronoun is. But you may be thinking of possessive adjectives instead. So what is a possessive pronoun? Take a look at these possessive pronouns examples to clarify what these little words are, how they function and how they’re different from possessive adjectives.

• No, it's mine (NOT it's [my car].)
• Mine is brown (NOT [My coat] is brown.)

A relative pronoun is a word that introduces a dependent (or relative) clause and connects it to an independent clause. A clause beginning with a relative pronoun is poised to answer questions such as Which one? How many? or What kind? Who, whom, what, which, and that are all relative pronouns.Relative clauses are also sometimes referred to as adjective clauses, because they identify or give us additional information about the subject of the independent clause they relate to. Like adjectives, these clauses in some way describe that subject. Relative pronouns, like conjunctions, are words that join clauses in this case, a relative clause to its main clause. The type of relative pronoun used depends on what kind of noun is being described.

• The woman who came to the door left flowers for you.
• Interpretative dance, which I find a bit disconcerting, is all the rage.
• She finally visited the coffee shop that had such great reviews.

An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which is used to make asking questions easy. There are just five interrogative pronouns. Each one is used to ask a very specific question or indirect question. Some, such as “who” and “whom,” refer only to people. Others can be used to refer to objects or people. Once you are familiar with interrogative pronouns, you’ll find that it’s very easy to use them in a variety of situations.

1. who–refers to a person or people
2. whom–refers to a person or people
3. what–refers to a thing or things
4. which–refers to people or things. This word can refer to something singular or plural.
5. whose–refers to a person

A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun which is used to indicate that two or more people are carrying out or have carried out an action of some type, with both receiving the benefits or consequences of that action simultaneously. Any time something is done or given in return, reciprocal pronouns are used. The same is true any time mutual action is expressed. There are only two reciprocal pronouns. Both of them allow you to make sentences simpler. They are especially useful when you need to express the same general idea more than once.

• Each other
• One another

Example

• Terry and Jack were talking to each other in the hallway.
• The students congratulated one another after giving practice speeches.
• The defendants blamed one another for the crime they were charged with.

An intensive pronoun is almost identical to a reflexive pronoun, but their functions differ. Intensive pronouns are used to add emphasis to the subject or antecedent of the sentence. You’ll usually find the intensive pronoun right after the noun or pronoun it’s modifying, but not necessarily.

Example

• Jesse wondered aloud whether he himself was the only one seeing what was happening.
• You yourself can easily transform your body: All it takes is a proper diet and plenty of exercise.
• We ourselves are the ones who make the greatest impact upon the world we live in.